1997 ASHRAE Handbook Preface The Fundamentals Handbook covers basic principles and includes data for the entire technology of the HVAC&R industry. Although design data and information change little over time, research sponsored by ASHRAE and others continues to generate new information for the ASHRAE Handbooks.
HVAC Clinics Draft - Not For Distribution Nevada Mechanical Systems Duct Design Page 5 of 33 Figure 4. ASHRAE Standard 55 Load Estimation The method for determining space loads used in this clinic will be based on the Load Temperature Difference/Solar. § 3280.508 Heat loss, heat gain and cooling load calculations. (a) Information, values and data necessary for heat loss and heat gain determinations must be taken from the 1997 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Inch-Pound Edition, chapters 22 through 27.
In addition, the technical committees that prepare the chapters strive not only to provide new information, but also to clarify existing information, delete obsolete material, and reorganize chapters to make the infor- mation more understandable and easier to use. In this 1997 ASHRAE Handbook the following changes and additions are worth noting. Chapter 1, Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles, has an improved style of analysis and method of calculating thermody- namic properties.
The chapter also discusses zeotropic refrigerant mixtures and includes numerical examples to show how the sec- ond law of thermodynamics can be applied to actual refrigeration cycles. The information on absorption refrigeration cycles has been clarified, and example analyses of various absorption cycles are included.
Chapter 6, Psychrometrics, now includes equations for calculat- ing standard pressure when elevation or temperature is known. Chapter 8, Thermal Comfort, includes more information on ther- moregulation to help in understanding the physiology underlying comfort and its relation to the thermal environment. New material about the effects of clothing insulation and the perception of draft discomfort is also included. Chapter 9, Indoor Environmental Health, has been substantially rewritten.
It now includes new information that describes the var- ious health sciences, summarizes diseases associated with the indoor environment, compares pertinent indoor air quality stan- dards, and introduces the principles of industrial hygiene. Chapter 14, Measurement and Instruments, includes new sections on carbon dioxide measurement and data logging devices.
![]()
Chapter 15, Airflow Around Buildings, presents simplified meth- ods for estimating the effect of changes in terrain on wind speed profiles. A field-validated model has led to a new procedure for calculating rooftop exhaust stack height. The new model pro- duces stack heights that are about two-thirds as high as the 1993 ASHRAE Handbook requirement. Chapter 16, Energy Resources, has been moved here from the 1995 ASHRAE Handbook—Applications.
Basic energy data have been updated. Chapter 17, Combustion and Fuels, now includes information on NOx emissions from uncontrolled fuel-burning equipment. Meth- ods for reducing NOx are also discussed. Chapter 19, Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, now includes data for the zeotropic blends R-404A, R-404C, and R-410A, and the azeotropic blend R-507A.
Most of the CFC refrigerants have been retained to assist in making comparisons. Revised formulations have been used for most of the hydrocarbon refrigerants and the cryogenic fluids. Chapters 22 and 23, Thermal and Moisture Control in Insulated Assemblies, contain more information on moisture transport and control. The effects of moisture on the building and its occupants are discussed in more detail. New recommendations and con- struction details for moisture control in three types of climates and in attics, roofs, and crawl spaces are included.
Chapter 25, Ventilation and Infiltration, now has information on nonresidential ventilation, infiltration degree-days, air change effectiveness, and age of air. Chapter 26, Climatic Design Information, has been substantially expanded. The chapter includes new heating, cooling, dehumidi- fication, and wind design conditions for 1442 locations.
Chapter 29, Fenestration, includes new models for calculating heat transfer in glazing cavities. The solar heat gain section has been rewritten. New sections on condensation resistance, com- plex shading systems, annual energy performance, and durability have been added. Chapter 30, Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods, has been substantially rewritten.
The chapter provides an overview of the various methods available for estimating energy use. A sample heat balance calculation is included.
Chapter 32, Duct Design, has additional information on the ther- mal gravity (stack) effect and on duct system leakage. Chapter 33, Pipe Sizing, includes a new section on steam conden- sate systems.
Chapter 37, Fundamentals of Control, has been taken from Chapter 42 in the 1995 ASHRAE Handbook—Applications. This move divides the information on controls into two topic areas— one covers fundamentals and the other covers the applications of controls.
Chapter 39, Building Envelopes, is a new chapter that will be moved to the 1999 ASHRAE Handbook—Applications. The technical committee completed the chapter in 1996, and the Handbook Committee decided to place it temporarily in this volume. Old Chapter 29, Cooling and Freezing Times of Foods, and Chap- ter 30, Thermal Properties of Foods, are not included in this Handbook. They will be included in the 1998 ASHRAE Hand- book—Refrigeration. Each Handbook is published in two editions.
One edition con- tains inch-pound (I-P) units of measurement, and the other contains the International System of Units (SI). Look for corrections to the 1994, 1995, and 1996 volumes of the Handbook series that have been noted since March 1995 on the Internet at Any changes to this volume will be reported in the 1998 ASHRAE Handbook and on the Internet.
If you have suggestions on improving a chapter or you would like more information on how you can help revise a chapter, e-mail [email protected]; write to Handbook Editor, ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, Atlanta, GA 30329; or fax (404) 321-5478. Parsons ASHRAE Handbook Editor CHAPTER 1 THERMODYNAMICS AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES THERMODYNAMICS. 1.1 First Law of Thermodynamics. 1.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics. 1.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration Cycles. 1.3 Equations of State.
1.3 Calculating Thermodynamic Properties. 1.4 COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLES. 1.6 Carnot Cycle. 1.6 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using a Pure Refrigerant or Azeotropic Mixture.
1.8 Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle. 1.9 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixture. 1.10 Multistage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles. 1.10 Actual Refrigeration Systems. 1.12 ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION CYCLES. 1.14 Flow Description. 1.14 Characteristics of Refrigerant-Absorbent Pairs.
1.15 Example Absorption Cycle Calculations. 1.16 Nomenclature. 1.19 HERMODYNAMICS is the study of energy, its transforma-Ttions, and its relation to states of matter. This chapter covers the application of thermodynamics to refrigeration cycles. The first part reviews the first and second laws of thermodynamics and presents methods for calculating thermodynamic properties.
The second and third parts address compression and absorption refrigeration cycles, the two most common methods. 1.
![]()
1997 ASHRAE Handbook Preface The Fundamentals Handbook covers basic principles and includes data for the entire technology of the HVAC&R industry. Although design data and information change little over time, research sponsored by ASHRAE and others continues to generate new information for the ASHRAE Handbooks. In addition, the technical committees that prepare the chapters strive not only to provide new information, but also to clarify existing information, delete obsolete material, and reorganize chapters to make the infor- mation more understandable and easier to use. In this 1997 ASHRAE Handbook the following changes and additions are worth noting.
Chapter 1, Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles, has an improved style of analysis and method of calculating thermody- namic properties. The chapter also discusses zeotropic refrigerant mixtures and includes numerical examples to show how the sec- ond law of thermodynamics can be applied to actual refrigeration cycles. The information on absorption refrigeration cycles has been clarified, and example analyses of various absorption cycles are included.
Chapter 6, Psychrometrics, now includes equations for calculat- ing standard pressure when elevation or temperature is known. Chapter 8, Thermal Comfort, includes more information on ther- moregulation to help in understanding the physiology underlying comfort and its relation to the thermal environment. New material about the effects of clothing insulation and the perception of draft discomfort is also included.
Chapter 9, Indoor Environmental Health, has been substantially rewritten. It now includes new information that describes the var- ious health sciences, summarizes diseases associated with the indoor environment, compares pertinent indoor air quality stan- dards, and introduces the principles of industrial hygiene. Chapter 14, Measurement and Instruments, includes new sections on carbon dioxide measurement and data logging devices.
Chapter 15, Airflow Around Buildings, presents simplified meth- ods for estimating the effect of changes in terrain on wind speed profiles. A field-validated model has led to a new procedure for calculating rooftop exhaust stack height. The new model pro- duces stack heights that are about two-thirds as high as the 1993 ASHRAE Handbook requirement. Chapter 16, Energy Resources, has been moved here from the 1995 ASHRAE Handbook—Applications. Basic energy data have been updated.
Chapter 17, Combustion and Fuels, now includes information on NOx emissions from uncontrolled fuel-burning equipment. Meth- ods for reducing NOx are also discussed. Chapter 19, Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, now includes data for the zeotropic blends R-404A, R-404C, and R-410A, and the azeotropic blend R-507A. Most of the CFC refrigerants have been retained to assist in making comparisons.
Revised formulations have been used for most of the hydrocarbon refrigerants and the cryogenic fluids. Chapters 22 and 23, Thermal and Moisture Control in Insulated Assemblies, contain more information on moisture transport and control.
The effects of moisture on the building and its occupants are discussed in more detail. New recommendations and con- struction details for moisture control in three types of climates and in attics, roofs, and crawl spaces are included. Chapter 25, Ventilation and Infiltration, now has information on nonresidential ventilation, infiltration degree-days, air change effectiveness, and age of air. Chapter 26, Climatic Design Information, has been substantially expanded. The chapter includes new heating, cooling, dehumidi- fication, and wind design conditions for 1442 locations. Chapter 29, Fenestration, includes new models for calculating heat transfer in glazing cavities.
The solar heat gain section has been rewritten. New sections on condensation resistance, com- plex shading systems, annual energy performance, and durability have been added. Chapter 30, Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods, has been substantially rewritten. The chapter provides an overview of the various methods available for estimating energy use. A sample heat balance calculation is included. Chapter 32, Duct Design, has additional information on the ther- mal gravity (stack) effect and on duct system leakage. Chapter 33, Pipe Sizing, includes a new section on steam conden- sate systems.
Chapter 37, Fundamentals of Control, has been taken from Chapter 42 in the 1995 ASHRAE Handbook—Applications. This move divides the information on controls into two topic areas— one covers fundamentals and the other covers the applications of controls. Chapter 39, Building Envelopes, is a new chapter that will be moved to the 1999 ASHRAE Handbook—Applications. The technical committee completed the chapter in 1996, and the Handbook Committee decided to place it temporarily in this volume. Old Chapter 29, Cooling and Freezing Times of Foods, and Chap- ter 30, Thermal Properties of Foods, are not included in this Handbook. They will be included in the 1998 ASHRAE Hand- book—Refrigeration.
Each Handbook is published in two editions. One edition con- tains inch-pound (I-P) units of measurement, and the other contains the International System of Units (SI). Look for corrections to the 1994, 1995, and 1996 volumes of the Handbook series that have been noted since March 1995 on the Internet at Any changes to this volume will be reported in the 1998 ASHRAE Handbook and on the Internet. If you have suggestions on improving a chapter or you would like more information on how you can help revise a chapter, e-mail [email protected]; write to Handbook Editor, ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, Atlanta, GA 30329; or fax (404) 321-5478. Parsons ASHRAE Handbook Editor CHAPTER 1 THERMODYNAMICS AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES THERMODYNAMICS. 1.1 First Law of Thermodynamics.
1.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics. 1.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration Cycles. 1.3 Equations of State.
1.3 Calculating Thermodynamic Properties. 1.4 COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLES. 1.6 Carnot Cycle.
1.6 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using a Pure Refrigerant or Azeotropic Mixture. 1.8 Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle. 1.9 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixture. 1.10 Multistage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles. 1.10 Actual Refrigeration Systems. 1.12 ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION CYCLES.
1.14 Flow Description. 1.14 Characteristics of Refrigerant-Absorbent Pairs. 1.15 Example Absorption Cycle Calculations. 1.16 Nomenclature. 1.19 HERMODYNAMICS is the study of energy, its transforma-Ttions, and its relation to states of matter.
This chapter covers the application of thermodynamics to refrigeration cycles. The first part reviews the first and second laws of thermodynamics and presents methods for calculating thermodynamic properties. The second and third parts address compression and absorption refrigeration cycles, the two most common methods.
1.
Comments are closed.
|
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |